cff-version: 1.2.0
abstract: "<p>Innovative approaches to study buried interfaces and heterogenous interactions under reaction conditions are crucial for advancing energy and catalytic materials. Our Near-Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) setup is equipped with a novel tri-color X-ray source, with Al Kα, Ag Lα, and Cr Kα excitation energies, enabling information depth-selective operando and in situ analysis of solid-liquid, solid-gas, and solid-solid interfaces. We present three case studies to demonstrate the systems’ capabilities. First, we compare experimental depth profiling of a LaMnO3/LaFeO3/Nb:SrTiO3 multilayer with SESSA simulations. Second, we examine the oxidation and reduction of FexOy as a function of environment and temperature. Finally, the Pt/liquid electrolyte interface is examined, revealing surface oxidation in the absence of bulk oxidation. As our results confirm, the unique combination of a NAP-XPS with the novel tri-color X-ray source empowers laboratory-based in situ and operando XPS characterization of advanced materials under reaction conditions in a wide range of applications.</p>"
authors:
  - family-names: van den Bosch
    given-names: Iris
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6249-8729"
  - family-names: Uz Zaman
    given-names: Jahid
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5277-531X"
  - family-names: Shterk
    given-names: G. (Genrikh)
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9018-6560"
  - family-names: Hussein Hamed
    given-names: Mai
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-1216"
  - family-names: Schneider
    given-names: Michael
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9262-4838"
  - family-names: Ratovskii
    given-names: Vadim
  - family-names: Bu
    given-names: Yibin
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6889-1872"
  - family-names: Dietrich
    given-names: Paul M.
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2720-9918"
  - family-names: Koster
    given-names: Gertjan
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7329"
  - family-names: Baeumer
    given-names: Christoph
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0008-514X"
title: "Data underlying the publication: Laboratory-based in situ and operando tri-color X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy"
keywords:
version: 1
identifiers:
  - type: doi
    value: 10.4121/85b64719-1729-456f-a59d-955e7ff45b4e.v1
license: CC BY-NC 4.0
date-released: 2025-06-11