cff-version: 1.2.0
abstract: "<p>Various external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs)
have been proposed that communicate the intent of automated vehicles (AVs) to
vulnerable road users. However, there is no consensus on which eHMI concept is
most suitable for intent communication. In nature, animals have evolved the
ability to communicate intent via visual signals. Inspired by intent
communication in nature, this paper investigated three novel and potentially
intuitive eHMI designs that rely on posture, gesture, and colouration,
respectively. In an online crowdsourcing study, 1141 participants viewed videos
featuring a yielding or non-yielding AV with one of the three bio-inspired
eHMIs, as well as a green/red lightbar eHMI, a walk/don’t walk text-based eHMI, and a baseline condition
(i.e., no eHMI). Participants were asked to press and hold a key when they felt
safe to cross and to answer rating questions. Together, these measures were
used to determine the intuitiveness of the tested eHMIs. Results showed that
the lightbar eHMI and text-based eHMI were more intuitive than the three
bio-inspired eHMIs, which, in turn, were more intuitive than the baseline
condition. An exception was the bio-inspired colouration eHMI, which produced a
performance score that was equivalent to the text-based eHMI when
communicating ‘non-yielding’. Further research is necessary to examine
whether these observations hold in more complex traffic situations.
Additionally, we recommend combining features from different eHMIs, such as the
full-body communication of the bio-inspired colouration eHMI with the colours
of the lightbar eHMI.</p>"
authors:
  - family-names: Oudshoorn
    given-names: Max
  - family-names: de Winter
    given-names: Joost
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1281-8200"
  - family-names: Bazilinskyy
    given-names: Pavlo
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9565-8240"
  - family-names: Dodou
    given-names: Dimitra
    orcid: "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9428-3261"
title: "Supplementary data for the paper &#39;Bio-inspired intent communication for automated vehicles&#39;"
keywords:
version: 1
identifiers:
  - type: doi
    value: 10.4121/14096067.v1
license: CC0
date-released: 2021-04-20